Stockfish won each half of the match 1.5–0.5. Nakamura was the world's fifth-best human chess player at the time of the match, while Stockfish was denied use of its opening book and endgame tablebase. In the first two games of the match, Nakamura had the assistance of an older version of Rybka, and in the next two games, he received White with pawn odds but no assistance. Stockfish's strength relative to the best human chess players was most apparent in a handicap match with grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura (2798-rated) in August 2014. Competition results Stockfish versus Nakamura In Stockfish 7, Fishtest author Gary Linscott was added to the official list of authors in acknowledgement of his contribution to Stockfish's strength.Īs of June 2021, the framework has used a total of more than 5400 years of CPU time to play over 3.1 billion chess games.
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Tests on the framework are verified using the chi-squared test, and only if the results are statistically significant are they deemed reliable and used to revise the software code.Īfter the inception of Fishtest, Stockfish experienced an explosive growth of 120 Elo points in just 12 months, propelling it to the top of all major rating lists.
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Ĭhanges to game-playing code are accepted or rejected based on results of playing of tens of thousands of games on the framework against an older "reference" version of the program, using sequential probability ratio testing. Since 2013, Stockfish has been developed using a distributed testing framework named Fishtest, where volunteers can donate CPU time for testing improvements to the program. According to the blog announcement, this new version "plays significantly stronger than any of its predecessors", typically winning ten times more games than it loses when matched against version eleven. On 2 September 2020, the twelfth version of Stockfish was released, incorporating the aforementioned neural network improvement. the precise steps needed will become clearer as we proceed, I look forward to working with the community to make this happen!" We are eager to keep everybody on board, including all developers and users of diverse hardware, aiming to be an inclusive community. This merge will introduce machine learning based coding to the engine, thus enlarging the community of developers, bringing in new skills. "The NNUE branch maintained by has demonstrated strong results and offers great potential, and we will proceed to merge. In July 2020 chess news reported that Stockfish NNUE had "broken new ground in computer chess by incorporating a neural network into the already incredibly powerful Stockfish chess engine." A NNUE merge into Stockfish was then announced and development builds became available. In June 2020, an efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) fork introduced by computer shogi programmers called Stockfish NNUE was discussed by developers. An official repository, managed by a volunteer group of core Stockfish developers, was created soon after and currently manages the development of the project. On 18 June 2014 Marco Costalba announced that he had "decided to step down as Stockfish maintainer" and asked that the community create a fork of the current version and continue its development. The last Glaurung version (2.2) was released in December 2008.Īround 2011, Romstad decided to abandon his involvement with Stockfish in order to spend more time on his new iOS chess app. For a while, new ideas and code changes were transferred between the two programs in both directions, until Romstad decided to discontinue Glaurung in favor of Stockfish, which was the more advanced engine at the time. The first version, Stockfish 1.0, was released in November 2008. He named it Stockfish because it was "produced in Norway and cooked in Italy" (Romstad is Norwegian, Costalba is Italian). Four years later, Costalba, inspired by the strong open-source engine, decided to fork the project. The program originated from Glaurung, an open-source chess engine created by Romstad and first released in 2004. In 2018 support for the 7-men Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available. The Syzygy tablebase support, previously available in a fork maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014.
Stockfish supports Chess960, which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung. As of October 2021, Stockfish 14 (4-threaded) achieves an Elo rating of 3548 +21 Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive pruning, and late move reductions. Stockfish implements an advanced alpha–beta search and uses bitboards. The maximal size of its transposition table is 32 TB. Stockfish can use up to 512 CPU threads in multiprocessor systems.
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